TuringAlan Turing — mathematician who defined computability, broke Enigma, and posed the imitation game. formalized what it means to compute, defined decidability limits, and influenced von NeumannA computer architecture where programs and data share memory — the template for most modern computers. architecture. Every programming language and CPUCentral processing unit — the primary chip that executes program instructions. is an approximation of his abstract machine.

The Turing machineA theoretical model of computation with a tape and states — defines what a computer can compute in principle. is the conceptual root of computer science.

It linked logic, mathematics, and mechanical computation.